It is common to classify ventilation systems by functions, distribution strategies, ventilation principles - or by combinations of them all.
Classifying by Function
It is common to classify a ventilation system by function:
Ventilation - Supply and evacuating of air with the main purpose to keep the atmospheric climate according the requirements
Climate - Supply and evacuating air with main purpose to keep the temperature and the atmospheric climate according requirements
Heating or cooling - Recycling system with the main purpose to supply the building with necessary heat or cooling
Combined system - The functions above more or less combined in one system
Classifying by Distribution
A ventilation system can also be classified by distribution:
Centralized - A central plant supplies and extract air to and from the whole building
Decentralized - Each room/area of the building has it's own ventilation unit
Combined - Both centralized and decentralized systems used
Classifying by Ventilation Principle
A ventilation system can also be classified by the ventilation principle and air flow:
Displacement air flow through the room - CAV (Constant Air Volume) or VAV (Variable air volume
Mixed air flow through the room - CAV (Constant Air Volume) or VAV (Variable air volume.
Examples of Ventilation Systems Classifications
Single-Zone Constant-Volume System
Single-Zone Constant-Volume System with Reheating
Multizone System
Induction Unit System
Variable-Air-Volume System
Dual-Duct System
Minggu, 16 Agustus 2009
Classification of Air Cleanliness
Clean room maintained virtually free of contaminants, such as dust or bacteria, are used in laboratory work and in the production of precision parts for electronic or aerospace equipment.
In the clean room standard ISO 14644-1 "Classification of Air Cleanliness" the classes are based on the formula
Cn = 10N (0.1 / D)2.08 (1)
where
Cn = maximum permitted number of particles per cubic meter equal to or greater than the specified particle size, rounded to whole number
N = is the ISO class number, which must be a multiple of 0.1 and be 9 or less
D = is the particle size in micrometers
ISO
Class Maximum Number of Particles in Air
(particles in each cubic meter equal to or greater than the specified size)
Particle size
> 0.1 μm > 0.2 μm > 0.3 μm > 0.5 μm > 1 μm > 5 μm
ISO Class 1 10 2
ISO Class 2 100 24 10 4
ISO Class 3 1000 237 102 35 8
ISO Class 4 10,000 2,370 1,020 352 83
ISO Class 5 100,000 23,700 10,200 3,520 832 29
ISO Class 6 1,000,000 237,000 102,000 35,200 8,320 293
ISO Class 7 352,000 83,200 2930
ISO Class 8 3,520,000 832,000 29,300
ISO Class 9 35,200,000 8,320,000 293,000
ISO Cleanroom Standards
ISO-14644-1 Classification of Air Cleanliness
ISO-14644-2 Cleanroom Testing for Compliance
ISO-14644-3 Methods for Evaluating & Measuring Cleanrooms & Associated Controlled Environment
ISO-14644-4 Cleanroom Design & Construction
ISO-14644-5 Cleanroom Operations
ISO-14644-6 Terms, Definitions & Units
ISO-14644-7 Enhanced Clean Devices
ISO-14644-8 Molecular Contamination
ISO-14698-1 Biocontamination: Control General Principles
ISO-14698-2 Biocontamination: Evaluation & Interpretation of Data
ISO-14698-3 Biocontamination: Methodology for Measuring Efficiency of Cleaning Inert Surfaces
In the clean room standard ISO 14644-1 "Classification of Air Cleanliness" the classes are based on the formula
Cn = 10N (0.1 / D)2.08 (1)
where
Cn = maximum permitted number of particles per cubic meter equal to or greater than the specified particle size, rounded to whole number
N = is the ISO class number, which must be a multiple of 0.1 and be 9 or less
D = is the particle size in micrometers
ISO
Class Maximum Number of Particles in Air
(particles in each cubic meter equal to or greater than the specified size)
Particle size
> 0.1 μm > 0.2 μm > 0.3 μm > 0.5 μm > 1 μm > 5 μm
ISO Class 1 10 2
ISO Class 2 100 24 10 4
ISO Class 3 1000 237 102 35 8
ISO Class 4 10,000 2,370 1,020 352 83
ISO Class 5 100,000 23,700 10,200 3,520 832 29
ISO Class 6 1,000,000 237,000 102,000 35,200 8,320 293
ISO Class 7 352,000 83,200 2930
ISO Class 8 3,520,000 832,000 29,300
ISO Class 9 35,200,000 8,320,000 293,000
ISO Cleanroom Standards
ISO-14644-1 Classification of Air Cleanliness
ISO-14644-2 Cleanroom Testing for Compliance
ISO-14644-3 Methods for Evaluating & Measuring Cleanrooms & Associated Controlled Environment
ISO-14644-4 Cleanroom Design & Construction
ISO-14644-5 Cleanroom Operations
ISO-14644-6 Terms, Definitions & Units
ISO-14644-7 Enhanced Clean Devices
ISO-14644-8 Molecular Contamination
ISO-14698-1 Biocontamination: Control General Principles
ISO-14698-2 Biocontamination: Evaluation & Interpretation of Data
ISO-14698-3 Biocontamination: Methodology for Measuring Efficiency of Cleaning Inert Surfaces
Sizes of airborne particle as dust, pollen bacteria, virus and many more
The size of contaminants and particles are usually described in microns, a metric unit of measure where one micron is one-millionth of a meter. There are 25,400 microns in one inch. The eye can see particles to about 40 microns.
The size of some contaminants and particles are indicated in the table below.
Particle Particle Size
(microns)
one inch 25,400
dot (.) 615
Eye of a Needle 1,230
Glass Wool 1000
Spanish Moss Pollen 150 - 750
Beach Sand 100 - 10000
Mist 70 - 350
Fertilizer 10 - 1000
Pollens 10 - 1000
Cayenne Pepper 15 - 1000
Textile Fibers 10 - 1000
Fiberglass Insulation 1 - 1000
Grain Dusts 5 - 1000
Human Hair 40 - 300
Human Hair 60 - 600
Dust Mites 100 - 300
Saw Dust 30 - 600
Ground Limestone 10 - 1000
Tea Dust 8 - 300
Coffee 5 - 400
Bone Dust 3 - 300
Hair 5 - 200
Cement Dust 3 - 100
Ginger 25 - 40
Mold Spores 10 - 30
Starches 3 - 100
Red Blood Cells 5 - 10
Mold 3 - 12
Mustard 6 - 10
Antiperspirant 6 - 10
Textile Dust 6 - 20
Gelatin 5 - 90
Spider web 2 - 3
Spores 3 - 40
Combustion-related Carbon Monoxide from motor vehicles, wood burning,
open burning, industrial processes up to 2.5
Fly Ash 1 - 1000
Milled Flour, Milled Corn 1 - 100
Coal Dust 1 - 100
Iron Dust 4 - 20
Smoke from Synthetic Materials 1 - 50
Lead Dust 2
Face Powder 0.1 - 30
Talcum Dust 0.5 - 50
Asbestos 0.7 - 90
Calcium Zink Dust 0.7 - 20
Paint Pigments 0.1 - 5
Auto and Car Emission 1 - 150
Metallurgical Dust 0.1 - 1000
Metallurgical Fumes 0.1 - 1000
Clay 0.1 - 50
Humidifier 0.9 - 3
Copier Toner 0.5 - 15
Liquid Droplets 0.5 - 5
Insecticide Dusts 0.5 - 10
Anthrax 1 - 5
Yeast Cells 1 - 50
Carbon Black Dust 0.2 - 10
Atmospheric Dust 0.001 - 40
Smoldering or Flaming Cooking Oil 0.03 - 0.9
Corn Starch 0.1 - 0.8
Sea Salt 0.035 - 0.5
Bacteria 0.3 - 60
Bromine 0.1 - 0.7
Lead 0.1 - 0.7
Radioactive Fallout 0.1 - 10
Rosin Smoke 0.01 - 1
Combustion 0.01 - 0.1
Smoke from Natural Materials 0.01 - 0.1
Burning Wood 0.2 - 3
Coal Flue Gas 0.08 - 0.2
Oil Smoke 0.03 - 1
Tobacco Smoke 0.01 - 4
Viruses 0.005 - 0.3
Typical Atmospheric Dust 0.001 to 30
Sugars 0.0008 - 0.005
Pesticides & Herbicides 0.001
Carbon Dioxide 0.00065
Oxygen 0.0005
one micron is one-millionth of a meter
Airborne particles
Airborne particles are solids suspended in the air.
Larger particles - larger then 100 μm
terminal velocities > 0.5 m/s
fall out quickly
includes hail, snow, insect debris, room dust, soot aggregates, coarse sand, gravel, and sea spray
Medium-size particles - in the range 1 to 100 μm
sedimentation velocities greater than 0.2 m/s
settles out slowly
includes fine ice crystals, pollen, hair, large bacteria, windblown dust, fly ash, coal dust, silt, fine sand, and small dust
Small particles - less than 1 μm
falls slowly, take days to years to settle out of a quiet atmosphere. In a turbulent atmosphere they may never settle out
can be washed out by water or rain
includes viruses, small bacteria, metallurgical fumes, soot, oil smoke, tobacco smoke, clay, and fumes
Hazardous Dust Particles
Smaller dust particles can be hazardous for humans. In many jurisdictions dust fractions at specified particle sizes in working environments are required to be measured.
Inhalable Dust
Airborne particles which can enter the nose and mouth during normal breathing. Particles of 100 microns diameter or less.
Thoracic Dust
Particles that will pass through the nose and throat, reaching the lungs. Particles of 10 microns diameter and less. Referred to as PM10 in the USA.
Respirable Dust
Particles that will penetrate into the gas exchange region of the lungs. A hazardous particulate size less than 5 microns. Particle sizes of 2.5 micron (PM2.5) are often used in USA.
The size of some contaminants and particles are indicated in the table below.
Particle Particle Size
(microns)
one inch 25,400
dot (.) 615
Eye of a Needle 1,230
Glass Wool 1000
Spanish Moss Pollen 150 - 750
Beach Sand 100 - 10000
Mist 70 - 350
Fertilizer 10 - 1000
Pollens 10 - 1000
Cayenne Pepper 15 - 1000
Textile Fibers 10 - 1000
Fiberglass Insulation 1 - 1000
Grain Dusts 5 - 1000
Human Hair 40 - 300
Human Hair 60 - 600
Dust Mites 100 - 300
Saw Dust 30 - 600
Ground Limestone 10 - 1000
Tea Dust 8 - 300
Coffee 5 - 400
Bone Dust 3 - 300
Hair 5 - 200
Cement Dust 3 - 100
Ginger 25 - 40
Mold Spores 10 - 30
Starches 3 - 100
Red Blood Cells 5 - 10
Mold 3 - 12
Mustard 6 - 10
Antiperspirant 6 - 10
Textile Dust 6 - 20
Gelatin 5 - 90
Spider web 2 - 3
Spores 3 - 40
Combustion-related Carbon Monoxide from motor vehicles, wood burning,
open burning, industrial processes up to 2.5
Fly Ash 1 - 1000
Milled Flour, Milled Corn 1 - 100
Coal Dust 1 - 100
Iron Dust 4 - 20
Smoke from Synthetic Materials 1 - 50
Lead Dust 2
Face Powder 0.1 - 30
Talcum Dust 0.5 - 50
Asbestos 0.7 - 90
Calcium Zink Dust 0.7 - 20
Paint Pigments 0.1 - 5
Auto and Car Emission 1 - 150
Metallurgical Dust 0.1 - 1000
Metallurgical Fumes 0.1 - 1000
Clay 0.1 - 50
Humidifier 0.9 - 3
Copier Toner 0.5 - 15
Liquid Droplets 0.5 - 5
Insecticide Dusts 0.5 - 10
Anthrax 1 - 5
Yeast Cells 1 - 50
Carbon Black Dust 0.2 - 10
Atmospheric Dust 0.001 - 40
Smoldering or Flaming Cooking Oil 0.03 - 0.9
Corn Starch 0.1 - 0.8
Sea Salt 0.035 - 0.5
Bacteria 0.3 - 60
Bromine 0.1 - 0.7
Lead 0.1 - 0.7
Radioactive Fallout 0.1 - 10
Rosin Smoke 0.01 - 1
Combustion 0.01 - 0.1
Smoke from Natural Materials 0.01 - 0.1
Burning Wood 0.2 - 3
Coal Flue Gas 0.08 - 0.2
Oil Smoke 0.03 - 1
Tobacco Smoke 0.01 - 4
Viruses 0.005 - 0.3
Typical Atmospheric Dust 0.001 to 30
Sugars 0.0008 - 0.005
Pesticides & Herbicides 0.001
Carbon Dioxide 0.00065
Oxygen 0.0005
one micron is one-millionth of a meter
Airborne particles
Airborne particles are solids suspended in the air.
Larger particles - larger then 100 μm
terminal velocities > 0.5 m/s
fall out quickly
includes hail, snow, insect debris, room dust, soot aggregates, coarse sand, gravel, and sea spray
Medium-size particles - in the range 1 to 100 μm
sedimentation velocities greater than 0.2 m/s
settles out slowly
includes fine ice crystals, pollen, hair, large bacteria, windblown dust, fly ash, coal dust, silt, fine sand, and small dust
Small particles - less than 1 μm
falls slowly, take days to years to settle out of a quiet atmosphere. In a turbulent atmosphere they may never settle out
can be washed out by water or rain
includes viruses, small bacteria, metallurgical fumes, soot, oil smoke, tobacco smoke, clay, and fumes
Hazardous Dust Particles
Smaller dust particles can be hazardous for humans. In many jurisdictions dust fractions at specified particle sizes in working environments are required to be measured.
Inhalable Dust
Airborne particles which can enter the nose and mouth during normal breathing. Particles of 100 microns diameter or less.
Thoracic Dust
Particles that will pass through the nose and throat, reaching the lungs. Particles of 10 microns diameter and less. Referred to as PM10 in the USA.
Respirable Dust
Particles that will penetrate into the gas exchange region of the lungs. A hazardous particulate size less than 5 microns. Particle sizes of 2.5 micron (PM2.5) are often used in USA.
the ISO Standards cover a wide variety of items
ISO - the International Organization for Standardization - is an international standard setting body made up of representatives from national standards bodies.
For the world's largest developer of standards the principal activity is development of technical and economical standards and the ISO Standards cover a wide variety of items ranging from medical equipment to shipbuilding:
Mechanical
Machinery
Chemistry
Coatings
Construction
Metals
Aerospace
Fuels
Energy
Transportation
Information
Image Technology
Quality
Measurements
Safety
Environment
Medical
Consumer Goods
ISO Numbers and Names
ISO standards are numbered with the format:
"ISO nnnnn:yyyy: Title"
where
"nnnnn" = standard number
"yyyy" = year published
"Title" = description of the subject
In addition may European and Domestic versions be publishes as:
EN ISO nnnnn = European version of the International Standard
BS EN ISO nnnnn = British version of the European version of the International Standard
Example ISO number
ISO IS228-1:2000: Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads -- Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
ISO also creates Technical Reports such as references, explanations, etc, where "TR" replace "IS" in the standard's name.
For the world's largest developer of standards the principal activity is development of technical and economical standards and the ISO Standards cover a wide variety of items ranging from medical equipment to shipbuilding:
Mechanical
Machinery
Chemistry
Coatings
Construction
Metals
Aerospace
Fuels
Energy
Transportation
Information
Image Technology
Quality
Measurements
Safety
Environment
Medical
Consumer Goods
ISO Numbers and Names
ISO standards are numbered with the format:
"ISO nnnnn:yyyy: Title"
where
"nnnnn" = standard number
"yyyy" = year published
"Title" = description of the subject
In addition may European and Domestic versions be publishes as:
EN ISO nnnnn = European version of the International Standard
BS EN ISO nnnnn = British version of the European version of the International Standard
Example ISO number
ISO IS228-1:2000: Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads -- Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
ISO also creates Technical Reports such as references, explanations, etc, where "TR" replace "IS" in the standard's name.
Doing business in Thailand (2)
Doing business in Thailand (2)
Based on :
Holmes, Henry and Suchada Tangtongtavy. 1995. A Guide to Managing in Thailand. White Lotus: Thailand
How to motivate Thais
1. Money
Workers may be able to hop from company to company doubling their wages as they go
2. Security
Traditionally, in a work group, there was a strong bond between boss and worker, a personal bond of loyalty to the person rather than the institution he works for.
3. Company image
Such as, if the company is strong on training, this could be greatly emphasized as Thais place strong value on education and skill development. Overseas training in particular is highly coveted, not only for self improvement or fun inherent in the junket, but also becuse of the prestige it carries in the eyes of others, inside and outside the company.
4. Personal Prestige
The prestige of a title, a badge which Thais wear in social circles as well as their business association is the motivator.
5. More Gan Eng, Less Gung Ho
The ultimate Thai workplace (according to many Thais) is where he or she feels at home. In fact, a worker may spurn other higher-paying offers from other compares if she considers the prople she works with 'as family' or friend.
Based on :
Holmes, Henry and Suchada Tangtongtavy. 1995. A Guide to Managing in Thailand. White Lotus: Thailand
How to motivate Thais
1. Money
Workers may be able to hop from company to company doubling their wages as they go
2. Security
Traditionally, in a work group, there was a strong bond between boss and worker, a personal bond of loyalty to the person rather than the institution he works for.
3. Company image
Such as, if the company is strong on training, this could be greatly emphasized as Thais place strong value on education and skill development. Overseas training in particular is highly coveted, not only for self improvement or fun inherent in the junket, but also becuse of the prestige it carries in the eyes of others, inside and outside the company.
4. Personal Prestige
The prestige of a title, a badge which Thais wear in social circles as well as their business association is the motivator.
5. More Gan Eng, Less Gung Ho
The ultimate Thai workplace (according to many Thais) is where he or she feels at home. In fact, a worker may spurn other higher-paying offers from other compares if she considers the prople she works with 'as family' or friend.
Doing business in Thailand (1)
Doing business in Thailand (1)
Based on :
Holmes, Henry and Suchada Tangtongtavy.1995.Working With the Thais: A Guide to Managing in Thailand.White Lotus: Thailand
The Thai Horizontal System
The first circle is the family circle. In the family circly, the individual is closely intertwined with the fortunes of the other family members.
There are, naturally, ranks within this 'first circle' as well as guidelines about mutual rights, duties, and respect; but there is also a degree of informality and a free flow of communication.
The second, Comprises of people with whom the Thai individual interacts on a frequent but more 'official' basis: his work colleagues, his doctor, his children's school teacher, his tailor, even a regular market lady.
The third, or can be called the selfish circle, is the outside world. it is in the selfish circle where one's high standing in the community doesn't get any recognition; no body seems to notice or care.
Based on :
Holmes, Henry and Suchada Tangtongtavy.1995.Working With the Thais: A Guide to Managing in Thailand.White Lotus: Thailand
The Thai Horizontal System
The first circle is the family circle. In the family circly, the individual is closely intertwined with the fortunes of the other family members.
There are, naturally, ranks within this 'first circle' as well as guidelines about mutual rights, duties, and respect; but there is also a degree of informality and a free flow of communication.
The second, Comprises of people with whom the Thai individual interacts on a frequent but more 'official' basis: his work colleagues, his doctor, his children's school teacher, his tailor, even a regular market lady.
The third, or can be called the selfish circle, is the outside world. it is in the selfish circle where one's high standing in the community doesn't get any recognition; no body seems to notice or care.
Thai Agriculture
Book:
Falvey, Lindsay. 2000. Thai Agriculture, Golden Cradle of Millennia. Kasetsart University Press. Bangkok, Thailand.
UNIQUELY AGRICULTURE
Being one of the world’s major agriculture exporters is as a result of innovative political strategies and bounteous natural resources.
Agriculture is important to Thailand and thai agriculture is important to the world. It can be briefly characterized in the following terms:
1. as the world’s largest rice exporter, and high ranking exporter of other food stuff, Thailand feeds some of four times its population; that is something around 250 million people.
2. as the world’s largest rubber producer and exporter, Thailand supports global industries particularly in more developed countries and influences rubber marketing policies.
3. as the world’s largest producer and exporter of Black tiger prawn, Thailand dominates one of the few agriculture sectors which continues too experience rising prices.
4. one thai multi-national group , charoen Pokphand, has grown to become the region’s largest agribusiness conglomerate, ranking in the world’s ten largest such firms.
5. Thailand is the region;s largest exporter of chicken meat and heavily influence the Japanese market.
6. An estimated 80% of thai person are engaged in agriculture and its industries.
7. overwhelmingly, the managers of the natural environment of Thailand are farmers and fishers.
8. the national identify has developed around symbols of agricultural bounty consumed responsibly through images of abundant rice and fish in a benign environment.
9. irrigated rice production has symbolized an approach to sustainable production.
10. Thailand has enjoyed foreign investment and relative political stability which has supported development of an infrastructure oriented to agricultural production for export.
11. over-production of fish, timber and agricultural commodities has recently degraded the natural environment in which the majority of the population live, necessitating informed adaptation of agriculture practices to meet social and environment needs.
Thailand’s top 5 trade surplus products in recent years have been:
1. natural rubber products
2. crustaceans and seafood
3. cereal particularly rice
4. garments
5. canned fish
The top 5 deficit in 1996, were:
1. mineral fuel
2. mechanical equipment
3. vehicles and parts
4. iron and steel
5. electrical equipment
Countries with which Thailand maintains large trade surplus:
1. Singapore
2. hongkong
3. Netherlands
4. USA
Countries with which Thailand maintains large trade deficit:
1. Japan
2. Germany
3. Taiwan
4. South Korea
Thailand can therefore be considered in terms of its natural environment, its modified agriculture environment, and its people and their development of an agriculture nation. The golden cradle of this civilization includes the essential ingredients of a sustainable agriculture, which have been apparently abundant natural resources of land and water and also a favorable climate.
The land of Thai
Total area 513,112 square KM. Thailand borders Lao-PDR to the north and east, Myanmar to the north and west, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south.
Soil
Soil categories in Thailand (page 8)
Entisol 3.3%
Vertisol 0.8%
Inceptisol 9.4%
Millisol 1.2%
Spodosols 0.1%
Alfisols 9.2%
Ultisols 42.1%
Oxisols < 0.1%
Histosols 0.1%
Unclassified 33.8%
The proportion of agricultural land suited to various crops have been suggested as (page 8) :
Upland crops 21%
Paddy rice 26%
Perennial crops 5%
Special crops with appropriate enhancement measures 16%
Unsuitable for agriculture 31%
Water resources
Surface water resources of Thailand (million cubic metres) page 10
Region River Reservoir Natural storage Rainfall volume
Northeast 26558 6231 193 236400
North 23175 48723 34 220500
Central 29720 18781 156 76700
East 3747 333 91000
South 6795 6708 53000 169700
Total 89995 80775 436 794300
Taken from: Kiravanich, Pakit.1983. National water resources management.research report, national defence college, Bangkok
Climate
Thailand’s monsoonal climate is experienced as 3 season:
- hot season = march to may
- rainy season = may to the end of October
- cool season = November to February
While, rainy season is more protracted along the southern coast of peninsula Thailand, the lowest rainfall is commonly in the western continental highland.
Intensification
Agricultural intensification has usually been associated with large scale irrigation, low levels of labor productivity, and severe population pressure.
Thailand has increased its food production through the usual means of:
• increasing the area of cultivatd land
• increasing the number of crops per year
• replacing lower yielding with higher yielding crops and varieties
• reducing post harvest losses
industrialization
in the era of policy shift away from agriculture towards industry was associated with rising agricultural impact on the environment. Thailand ranked ahead of Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, korea and japan in terms of; increases in cultivated area, reductions in forest area, increases in agricultural production, increases in percentage of the labor force engaged in agriculture and variability of agricultural production.
National and global responsibilities
Agriculture has created Thailand and continues to shape the Thai identity, support Thai lifestyle, and portray the kingdom to the world. The very association between food and rice in thai language, and the tenacity with which thai farmers have clung to planting at least enough rice for their own family begore engaging in cash crops, testify to the deep association of wet rice culture and the peoples who are Thai. Lapses fro this central element have been highlighted by His Majesty The King …Thailand derives income from many sources but we must remember that we survive from agriculture and therefore we must nurture each aspect of the industry including farmers of all types to continually develop in order to increase the wuality of production in a manner that does not reduce the natural resources base…”
Thailand faces options in highlighting its position in effectively subsidizing food importing countries though low agricultural prices and uncosted environmental impacts:
- continuing to subsidize the development of other nations for minimal benefit
- reducing exports, and hence income, where environmental conflicts are clear
- rationalizing inverstment; in research to ensure responsible agriculture practice, in education to ensure a widespread ability to apply improved technologies, in industry to build on national strengths in agriculture.
Current situation (2000)
5 characteristics arising from development of the past 30 years, are:
- an orientation to export markets with domestic prices, in the main being strongly influenced by international prices – some 77% of the value added in crops agriculture arises in the production of traded goods.
- Expansion of the crop sector in the past has been mainly based on conversion of forest land cultivated area –availability of such new in extremely limited and hence increases in production must arise from increases in yield.
- Rice, once the epitorne of thai agriculture, has been progressively replaced by field crops including maize, kenaf, cassava, and sugar cane-from 1961-1985 the area cultivated for field crops expanded 3.3.% per annum compared with 1.8 % area for rice.
- Governmental involvement in the agricultural sector include regulation of foreign trade, taxation, exchange rates and trade restrictions and also public resources for infrastructure and support services for agriculture.
- Institutional changes, such as the emergence of large food processing agribusiness, have affected farming, for example in the pineapple, tobacco, and some livestock and vegetables industry, biotechnology has accelerated the production of new crop varieties, and usage of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides has increased significantly.
At the same time, FAO reported declining crop yield due to:
o Physical, chemical and biological deterioration
o Inappropriate farming systems for increasingly intensive agriculture
o Poorly defined land ownership with associated restrictions of access to fair credit
o A poorly developed farm credit sector
o Poorly developed agricultural infrastructure
o Irregular rainy seasons.
Falvey, Lindsay. 2000. Thai Agriculture, Golden Cradle of Millennia. Kasetsart University Press. Bangkok, Thailand.
UNIQUELY AGRICULTURE
Being one of the world’s major agriculture exporters is as a result of innovative political strategies and bounteous natural resources.
Agriculture is important to Thailand and thai agriculture is important to the world. It can be briefly characterized in the following terms:
1. as the world’s largest rice exporter, and high ranking exporter of other food stuff, Thailand feeds some of four times its population; that is something around 250 million people.
2. as the world’s largest rubber producer and exporter, Thailand supports global industries particularly in more developed countries and influences rubber marketing policies.
3. as the world’s largest producer and exporter of Black tiger prawn, Thailand dominates one of the few agriculture sectors which continues too experience rising prices.
4. one thai multi-national group , charoen Pokphand, has grown to become the region’s largest agribusiness conglomerate, ranking in the world’s ten largest such firms.
5. Thailand is the region;s largest exporter of chicken meat and heavily influence the Japanese market.
6. An estimated 80% of thai person are engaged in agriculture and its industries.
7. overwhelmingly, the managers of the natural environment of Thailand are farmers and fishers.
8. the national identify has developed around symbols of agricultural bounty consumed responsibly through images of abundant rice and fish in a benign environment.
9. irrigated rice production has symbolized an approach to sustainable production.
10. Thailand has enjoyed foreign investment and relative political stability which has supported development of an infrastructure oriented to agricultural production for export.
11. over-production of fish, timber and agricultural commodities has recently degraded the natural environment in which the majority of the population live, necessitating informed adaptation of agriculture practices to meet social and environment needs.
Thailand’s top 5 trade surplus products in recent years have been:
1. natural rubber products
2. crustaceans and seafood
3. cereal particularly rice
4. garments
5. canned fish
The top 5 deficit in 1996, were:
1. mineral fuel
2. mechanical equipment
3. vehicles and parts
4. iron and steel
5. electrical equipment
Countries with which Thailand maintains large trade surplus:
1. Singapore
2. hongkong
3. Netherlands
4. USA
Countries with which Thailand maintains large trade deficit:
1. Japan
2. Germany
3. Taiwan
4. South Korea
Thailand can therefore be considered in terms of its natural environment, its modified agriculture environment, and its people and their development of an agriculture nation. The golden cradle of this civilization includes the essential ingredients of a sustainable agriculture, which have been apparently abundant natural resources of land and water and also a favorable climate.
The land of Thai
Total area 513,112 square KM. Thailand borders Lao-PDR to the north and east, Myanmar to the north and west, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south.
Soil
Soil categories in Thailand (page 8)
Entisol 3.3%
Vertisol 0.8%
Inceptisol 9.4%
Millisol 1.2%
Spodosols 0.1%
Alfisols 9.2%
Ultisols 42.1%
Oxisols < 0.1%
Histosols 0.1%
Unclassified 33.8%
The proportion of agricultural land suited to various crops have been suggested as (page 8) :
Upland crops 21%
Paddy rice 26%
Perennial crops 5%
Special crops with appropriate enhancement measures 16%
Unsuitable for agriculture 31%
Water resources
Surface water resources of Thailand (million cubic metres) page 10
Region River Reservoir Natural storage Rainfall volume
Northeast 26558 6231 193 236400
North 23175 48723 34 220500
Central 29720 18781 156 76700
East 3747 333 91000
South 6795 6708 53000 169700
Total 89995 80775 436 794300
Taken from: Kiravanich, Pakit.1983. National water resources management.research report, national defence college, Bangkok
Climate
Thailand’s monsoonal climate is experienced as 3 season:
- hot season = march to may
- rainy season = may to the end of October
- cool season = November to February
While, rainy season is more protracted along the southern coast of peninsula Thailand, the lowest rainfall is commonly in the western continental highland.
Intensification
Agricultural intensification has usually been associated with large scale irrigation, low levels of labor productivity, and severe population pressure.
Thailand has increased its food production through the usual means of:
• increasing the area of cultivatd land
• increasing the number of crops per year
• replacing lower yielding with higher yielding crops and varieties
• reducing post harvest losses
industrialization
in the era of policy shift away from agriculture towards industry was associated with rising agricultural impact on the environment. Thailand ranked ahead of Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, korea and japan in terms of; increases in cultivated area, reductions in forest area, increases in agricultural production, increases in percentage of the labor force engaged in agriculture and variability of agricultural production.
National and global responsibilities
Agriculture has created Thailand and continues to shape the Thai identity, support Thai lifestyle, and portray the kingdom to the world. The very association between food and rice in thai language, and the tenacity with which thai farmers have clung to planting at least enough rice for their own family begore engaging in cash crops, testify to the deep association of wet rice culture and the peoples who are Thai. Lapses fro this central element have been highlighted by His Majesty The King …Thailand derives income from many sources but we must remember that we survive from agriculture and therefore we must nurture each aspect of the industry including farmers of all types to continually develop in order to increase the wuality of production in a manner that does not reduce the natural resources base…”
Thailand faces options in highlighting its position in effectively subsidizing food importing countries though low agricultural prices and uncosted environmental impacts:
- continuing to subsidize the development of other nations for minimal benefit
- reducing exports, and hence income, where environmental conflicts are clear
- rationalizing inverstment; in research to ensure responsible agriculture practice, in education to ensure a widespread ability to apply improved technologies, in industry to build on national strengths in agriculture.
Current situation (2000)
5 characteristics arising from development of the past 30 years, are:
- an orientation to export markets with domestic prices, in the main being strongly influenced by international prices – some 77% of the value added in crops agriculture arises in the production of traded goods.
- Expansion of the crop sector in the past has been mainly based on conversion of forest land cultivated area –availability of such new in extremely limited and hence increases in production must arise from increases in yield.
- Rice, once the epitorne of thai agriculture, has been progressively replaced by field crops including maize, kenaf, cassava, and sugar cane-from 1961-1985 the area cultivated for field crops expanded 3.3.% per annum compared with 1.8 % area for rice.
- Governmental involvement in the agricultural sector include regulation of foreign trade, taxation, exchange rates and trade restrictions and also public resources for infrastructure and support services for agriculture.
- Institutional changes, such as the emergence of large food processing agribusiness, have affected farming, for example in the pineapple, tobacco, and some livestock and vegetables industry, biotechnology has accelerated the production of new crop varieties, and usage of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides has increased significantly.
At the same time, FAO reported declining crop yield due to:
o Physical, chemical and biological deterioration
o Inappropriate farming systems for increasingly intensive agriculture
o Poorly defined land ownership with associated restrictions of access to fair credit
o A poorly developed farm credit sector
o Poorly developed agricultural infrastructure
o Irregular rainy seasons.
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